A Weakly-Supervised Framework for Interpretable Diabetic Retinopathy Detection on Retinal Images

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) detection is a critical retinal image analysis task in the context of early blindness prevention. Unfortunately, in order to train a model to accurately detect DR based on the presence of different retinal lesions, typically a dataset with medical expert's annotations at the pixel level is needed. In this paper, a new methodology based on the multiple instance learning (MIL) framework is developed in order to overcome this necessity by leveraging the implicit information present on annotations made at the image level. Contrary to previous MIL-based DR detection systems, the main contribution of the proposed technique is the joint optimization of the instance encoding and the image classification stages. In this way, more useful mid-level representations of pathological images can be obtained. The explainability of the model decisions is further enhanced by means of a new loss function enforcing appropriate instance and mid-level representations. The proposed technique achieves comparable or better results than other recently proposed methods, with 90% area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) on Messidor, 93% AUC on DR1, and 96% AUC on DR2, while improving the interpretability of the produced decisions.