CITE - Other Publications

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    Strategic complementarities between innovation and human capital. The neglected role of human capital demand
    ( 2004) Aurora Teixeira
    This study examines the conditions under which the demand for human capital is as (or more) important than the simple availability of educated or skilled human resources. The perspective taken is that it is the conscious and intentional attitude of firms, dependent, to a large extent, on respective strategies, that determines the demand for human capital, thereby conditioning the role of the latter in their performance. The automatic and linear character that many studies within the mainstream human capital theory assume is rejected here. Results, based on an in-depth study of fourteen Portuguese textile firms, reveal the "congruence" between firms behaviour towards human capital accumulation, characteristics of productive process and markets, and the omnipresent "fission" risk. New hirings of top skilled and educated individuals are seen as small contributors to firms (current) innovation capabilities. In contrast, existing top skilled and educated individuals are regarded as critical in this context.
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    What type of firm forges closer innovation linkages with Portuguese Universities?
    ( 2006) Joana Costa ; Aurora Teixeira
    Using large-scale survey data for firms located in Portugal, we analyze which firm characteristics are conducive to establishing contacts with universities. Although almost half of the firms surveyed stated they had established some contacts with universities in the period 2001-2003, only a few (22%) consider universities an important source of knowledge and information for their innovation activities. Our analysis indicates that the firms? propensity to draw on each of the Portuguese universities is explained by the characteristics of the different firms and their regional and industrial patterns. An unambiguous and statistically robust finding is that proximity matters highly in firms universities linkages ? our estimations reveal that firms are more likely to contacts universities located nearby.
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    Excesso de Incentivos à Inovação na Presença de Consumidores Sofisticados. Um Modelo de Progresso Tecnológico Endógeno com Capital Humano
    ( 2007) Aurora Teixeira
    Neste artigo é desenvolvido um modelo de crescimento baseado no progresso tecnológico endógeno, em que o crescimento econômico é induzido por melhorias contínuas na qualidade de cada produto diferenciado. A inovação, ?motor? do crescimento, tem como ?combustível? essencial o capital humano. Partindo dos modelos de base de Grossman e Helpman (1991a, 1991b), mas considerando, diferentemente, um índice de consumo constituído por bens diferenciados e um bem homogêneo, o modelo proposto destaca a influência determinante da procura no crescimento econômico, aspecto negligenciado pela literatura do crescimento endógeno. Do esforço de modelização decorre que consumidores pouco sofisticados, com reduzida preferência por produtos diferenciados em termos de qualidade, geram, seguramente, incentivos insuficientes para a investigação, enquanto que consumidores mais sofisticados podem gerar excesso de incentivos. Assim, se a quota dos produtos diferenciados na procura estiver positivamente correlacionada com o nível de desenvolvimento do país, então países menos desenvolvidos tendem a apresentar taxas de inovação relativamente reduzidas, ao contrário de países mais desenvolvidos, em que essas taxas podem até ser (socialmente) demasiado elevadas.
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    The determinants of technology transfer efficiency and the role of innovation policies: a survey
    ( 2010) Maria D. M. Oliveira ; Aurora Teixeira
    The diversity found in the various Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs), besides being a consequence of the capacities and motives of the different stakeholders involved (public research organisations, industry, consulting firms and public authorities) also reflects the specificities of public incentives or policies and their differing degrees of commitment to technology transfer. Notwithstanding the fact that the literature on technology transfer is voluminous, few studies (up to the present date) have investigated the role of innovation policy on TTOs efficiency and the instruments available for governments to improve technology transfer from publicly funded research. The present paper surveys the literature on the determinants of TTOs efficiency, highlighting in particular the role of innovation policy. Additionally, evidence within the context of the European Union on innovation policies for technology transfer improvement is detailed.
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    Recent trends in the economics of innovation literature through the lens of Industrial and Corporate Change
    ( 2010) Aurora Teixeira ; David P. Nascimento
    Literature on the economics of innovation has been in constant change. We quantitatively assess recent trends in this literature in terms of research topics and types of research. Departing from a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative survey of influential innovation handbooks, this paper draws on the review and analysis of all articles published in Industrial and Corporate Change, since its foundation to 2009. Our results reveal that 'Conceptual/Economic Thought', 'Intellectual Property Rights', and 'Measurement of Innovation' topics have shown striking trends over the period in analysis. Moreover, although both 'Appreciative plus Empirical' and 'Formal plus Empirical' types of research have grown, suggesting a 'virtuous' trend towards the analytical and predictive efficacy of theory, purely 'Empirical' studies have markedly increased, which may indicate that a connection between theory and empirics is (increasingly) lacking in the field of the economics of innovation
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    Determinants of higher education students' willingness to pay for violent crime reduction: a contingent valuation study
    ( 2010) Mafalda Soeiro ; Aurora Teixeira
    By eliciting an individual's Willingness to Pay (WTP) for a reduction in crime risks, the contingent valuation method is one of the most solid methodologies in use to estimate the intangible costs of crime. However, very few studies have applied contingent valuation methods to random samples of the population located in high crime rate areas. This study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first attempt to apply the contingent valuation method to estimate how much a specific group of society, which is relatively prone to falling victim to (violent) crime, i.e., students, is willing to pay to reduce the likelihood of being the victim of violent crime. In contrast to the existing literature, our study focuses on a rather unexplored context, Portugal, where criminality and violent crime rates are relatively low by international standards, even though they have been on the rise. Based on responses from 1122 higher education students in a broad range of degrees (from Economics to Psychology and the Humanities), we found that 33% of our respondents have been victims of crime in the past, although in general they did not result in physical or psychological injuries. A reasonable percentage of the students (almost 40%) is very worried about falling victim to a crime and 52.8% worries moderately. Over 40% of our respondents were willing to pay a certain amount but less than 50€, whereas 20.8% were willing to pay between 50€ and 250€. On average, all other determinants
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    The establishment, evolution, and sustainability of University-Firm relations
    ( 2010) Luís Pinheiro ; Aurora Teixeira
    Existing studies on University-Firm (U-F) relations are still excessively centred on the advantages which firms are able to obtain from relations with Universities, failing to take into account the benefits that potentially go to Universities from such links. This paper intends to fill this gap by empirically studying the process of the establishment, evolution, and sustainability of the U-F relations in an open innovation context. Using the case study methodology, we empirically demonstrate how relations between a firm (Brisa) and Higher Education institutions (namely, ISEL - Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa) were established, how they evolved and have been sustained over time, placing special emphasis on the issue of the mutual benefits derived from these links. Face-to-face interviews with the keyplayers at Brisa and ISEL, complemented with an extensive analysis of secondary sources, allowed us to conclude that establishing connections between the two entities is a more complex and time-consuming process (requiring large relational and resource investment on both parts) than that which existing literature conveys. Besides the recognized gains for firms when they adopt a more open-led perspective of innovation, our study (also) highlights the benefit deriving to the Universities from links to companies. It is mainly due to the existence of mutual benefits that U-F relations are preserved in the long-term or, in other words, are sustainable.
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    Emergent and declining themes in the Economics and Management of Innovation scientific area over the past three decades
    ( 2010) Aurora Teixeira ; José Miguel Silva
    A literature survey covers the state-of-the-art of a certain investigation field and is a critical evaluation that can help define new research and facilitate the understanding of the area by new researchers of that scientific field. Although there are already some excellent attempts to provide a survey in the Economics and Management of Innovation area, these are in general qualitative. Using bibliometric tools, which help to explore, organize and analyze large amounts of information, we characterize, in a quantitative way, the published literature in innovation area. Based on the 1047 abstracts of the articles published between 1974 and 2007 in the innovation area's 'seed journal' we observed that the themes that have grown the most in recent years were 'Open innovation, Copyrights, Intellectual Property Rights, Open Software', 'University-Industry Relations and Transfer of Technology and Knowledge', and 'Entrepreneurship, Incubation, Spin-offs and Entrepreneurial Universities'. In contrast, themes such as 'Learning and Experimentation, Troubleshooting', 'Development of new Products, Processes, Markets, Organizational', 'Cooperation in R&D+I', 'Multinational/International trade in the process of innovation', and 'Management Policy of Science and Technology ', noted a marked decline.
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    Frontiers of open innovation
    ( 2010) Marko Torkkeli
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    The importance of Intermediaries organizations in international R&D cooperation: an empirical multivariate study across Europe
    ( 2010) Margarida Catarino ; Aurora Teixeira
    Despite the large number of publications related to business cooperation in R&D and the wide perception of the importance of intermediary institutions in the R&D cooperation process, empirical studies on its role are scarce, scattered and fragmented. Moreover, the academic work developed in this area is basically of a theoretical nature, whereas the international perspective of R&D cooperation is seldom approached. Departing from a unique database that includes 473 R&D cooperation projects developed within the 6th Framework Programme, involving firms and intermediaries from all European Union countries, this paper gauges the determinants of the importance attached to Intermediaries, through a direct survey to the organizations involved. Based on an estimation of the multivariate model, this study demonstrates that the importance given to Intermediaries depends more on project features than on the characteristics of the participating organizations. In particular, the nationality of participating organizations and the promoter emerged with a strong explanatory power: ceteris paribus, projects with at least one participant from the United Kingdom tend to assign greater importance to intermediaries in international R&D cooperation. Unambiguously, results evidence that the innovating capacity of an organization emerges (both positively and significantly) associated with a greater importance attached to Intermediaries.
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    The usefulness of State trade missions for the internationalization of firms: an econometric analysis
    ( 2010) Ana Paula Africano ; Aurora Teixeira ; André Caiado
    Os estudos empíricos sobre a utilidade das visitas oficiais (VOs) enquanto promotor da internacionalização das empresas são escassos, assumindo-se frequentemente do ponto de vista político que tais visitas têm impactos tão positivos quanto inmensuráveis. Centrando-nos num caso relativamente inexplorado (Portugal), onde as VOs tem tido uma crescente visibilidade junto de empresas e público em geral, o presente estudo procurou, através da aplicação de um modelo econométrico, avaliar a importância relativa das características estruturais das empresas versus características das VOs, no modo como os participantes das visitas oficiais percepcionam a utilidade dessas mesmas visitas para a promoção das suas empresas e negócios nos mercados visitados. Com base em 136 participações em 12 visitas oficiais que decorreram entre 2005 a 2007, os resultados sugerem que a dimensão das empresas, o capital estrangeiro, a intensidade exportadora, a intensidade de inovação e a experiência no mercado visitado são variáveis estatisticamente relevantes na avaliação dos resultados e objectivos das VOs. A atitude pró-activa das empresas surge aqui particularmente relevada - por um lado, estabelecer contactos no âmbito das VOs pressupõe por parte das empresas algumas capacidades/competências prévias, nomeadamente ao nível da inovação; por outro lado, a prepação para a entrada num mercado está directa e positivamente relacionada com o facto da empresa exportar para esse mercado, ou seja, empresas mai
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    Identifying the intellectual scientific basis of the Technology and Innovation Management area
    ( 2010) José Miguel Silva ; Aurora Teixeira
    Last decades observed a considerable increase of literature devoted to innovation-related studies. This area is characterized by fruitful interdisciplinary and there is not a single discipline that embraces all aspects of innovation. From the analysis of nearly 60.000 references, included in the 1442 articles published in the area' seed journal, we concluded that Economy is the area that most contributed to feed the flow of knowledge in innovation - about a third of the references were made to articles published in top journals of Economics. Moreover, the most influential authors are associated with the evolutionary approach (e.g.,Richard R. Nelson) and to the European approach to innovation (e.g., Keith Pavitt and Chris Freeman).
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    Marketing and technology sophistication as hidden weapons for fostering the demand for 'art house' cinema films: a cross country analysis
    ( 2011) Fernando Governo ; Aurora Teixeira
    Existing studies on the motion picture industry tend to explore demand for cinema films focusing only on a single country, aiming to assess the probability of a movie's success. This means that the determinants of consumer demand, from a cross-country perspective, are relatively unexplored. The international film industry may be seen as offering two heterogeneous products falling into two experiential ranges, according to their artistic content ('art house' films), and to the intensity of their special effects ('mainstream' films). This research examines the extent to which the cross country demand for the two given types of films ('art house' and 'mainstream'), are associated with individual factors, industrial factors, and cultural-social-structural factors. Estimation results, based on logistic regressions on a sample of OCED countries, indicate that: 1) cinema tastes diverge into different patterns across countries; 2) larger marketing investments emerge as a key determinant for the consumption of art house films, and 3) technological level/sophistication plays a significant role in creating stratified consumption for art house films.
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    LOCATION DETERMINANTS OF FDI: A LITERATURE REVIEW
    ( 2011) Susana Assunção ; Rosa Forte ; Aurora Teixeira
    The development of economic activity and the rise in foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent decades has prompted a great deal of research into the phenomenon of multinational companies. A vast amount of empirical literature on FDI catalogues a long list of determinants that try to explain direct investment by multinational companies in a particular location, but it is noticeable that the results are not always consensual. This article provides a review of the theoretical approaches to and empirical studies on FDI in an attempt to single out the most robust factors for explaining the geographic distribution of FDI flows worldwide. It also suggests paths for future research in this area.
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    The usefulness of State trade missions for the internationalization of firms: an econometric analysis
    ( 2011) Ana Paula Africano ; Aurora Teixeira ; André Caiado
    Empirical studies on the usefulness of official visits (OVs) as a way to promote the internationalization of firms are scarce and it is often assumed from the political point of view that such visits have impacts that are as positive as they are immensurable. This study is centred on a relatively unexplored case (Portugal), in which OVs have become more and more visible to firms and to the public in general. By applying an econometric model, we seek to evaluate the importance regarding the structural characteristics of firms versus the characteristics of OVs, as to the way participants perceive the usefulness of official visits for promoting their firms and business in the markets visited. Based on 136 participations in 12 official visits which took place between 2005 and 2008, results indicate that the size of firms, foreign capital, export intensity, innovation intensity and experience in the market visited are statistically relevant variables in the assessment of the results and objectives of OVs
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    The internationalization profiles of Portuguese SMEs
    ( 2011) Pedro Oliveira ; Aurora Teixeira
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